Kawardha
| Kawardha | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Staat: |  Indien | ||
| Bundesstaat: | Chhattisgarh | ||
| Distrikt: | Kabirdham | ||
| Lage: | 22° 0′ N, 81° 14′ O | ||
| Höhe: | 353 m | ||
| Fläche: | 14,87 km² | ||
| Einwohner: | 46.657 (2011)[1] | ||
| Bevölkerungsdichte: | 3138 Ew./km² | ||
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Kawardha ist eine Stadt (Municipal Council) mit etwa 60.000 Einwohnern im Nordwesten des indischen Bundesstaats Chhattisgarh; sie ist der Hauptort des Distrikts Kabirdham.
Lage und Klima
Kawardha liegt am kurzen Sakari River zu Füßen der waldreichen Maikal Hills nahe der Grenze zum Bundesstaat Madhya Pradesh in ca. 350 m Höhe. Die Millionenstadt Raipur befindet sich etwa 120 km südöstlich; die Millionenstadt Jabalpur liegt etwa 235 km (Fahrtstrecke) nordwestlich. Das Klima ist warm bis heiß; Regen (ca. 1000–1500 mm/Jahr) fällt hauptsächlich wahrend der sommerlichen Monsunzeit.
Geschichte
Die Region gehörte der Urzeiten zum Siedlungsgebiet der Gond; vom 9. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert wurde sie von der regional bedeutsamen Nagvanshi-Dynastie kontrolliert, die ihrerseits wiederum den Kalachuri tributpflichtig waren. Später übernahmen muslimische Herrscher die Macht bis im Jahr 1751 die Gonds den Fürstenstaat Kawardha gründeten, der sich jedoch ein Jahr nach der Unabhängigkeit Indiens (1948) der indischen Union anschloss.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Umgebung
- In der Waldeinsamkeit ca. 17 km nordwestlich von Kawardha liegt der dem Gott Shiva geweihte Bhoramdeo-Tempel, ein Meisterwerk des 11. Jahrhunderts aus der Zeit der überregional bedeutsamen Kalachuri-Dynastie. Der Tempel ruht auf einem stark gegliederten Sockel, der den Formen des Tempels folgt, aber keinen Platz für eine rituelle Umschreitung (pradakshina) bietet. Über eine Treppe erreicht man die kleine Eingangszone (mukhamandapa), an die sich die beidseitig geöffnete Hauptvorhalle (mandapa) anschließt. End- und Höhepunkt des Tempels ist der reich gegliederte und im unteren Bereich mit zahlreichen erotischen Szenen geschmückte Shikhara-Turm, dessen Krümmung von kleinen Türmchen (urushringas) begleitet wird und dessen oberer Abschluss von einem Rundstein (amalaka) (ehemals mit aufruhendem Krug (kalasha)) gebildet wird. In der nochmals um eine Stufe erhöhten Cella (garbhagriha) erhebt sich ein glattpolierter Shiva-Lingam.
Shikhara-Turm
Außengliederung und -aufbau am Bhoramdeo-Tempel
Gliederung und Figurenschmuck am Bhoramdeo-Tempel
Erotische Szenen am Bhoramdeo-Tempel
Erotische Szene am Bhoramdeo-Tempel
Portal zur Cella
- Links neben dem Haupttempel liegt der deutlich kleinere und beinahe verfallene Istaliq-Tempel; er ist ohne mandapa aus Ziegelsteinen errichtet und wird ins 3. Jahrhundert datiert.
- Rechts des Haupttempels befindet sich ein weitgehend zerfallener, dem Gott Hanuman geweihter, Steintempel aus dem 11. oder 12. Jahrhundert.
- Der ca. 1 km entfernte Madwa-Mahal-Tempel (auch bekannt als Mandawa Mandir) ist deutlich älter als der Bhoramdeo-Tempel und wird gemeinhin ins 7./8. Jahrhundert datiert. Die Pfeiler/Säulen der allseitig offenen Vorhalle nehmen Bezug auf Formen, die in der Gupta-Zeit (z. B. Tigawa) entwickelt wurden. Die Figurenreliefs in der Außenwand des nur wenig gegliederten Shikhara-Turms stehen beziehungslos nebeneinander, aber immerhin finden sich einige verwitterte zumeist erotisch gemeinte Liebespaare (mithunas) oder Einzelpersonen.
Erotische Figuren am Madwa-Mahal-Tempel
dto.
Portal der Cella
- Das kleine Museum der archäologischen Stätte präsentiert zahlreiche Skulpturen.
Weblinks
- Bhoramdeo-Tempel – Fotos + Infos (englisch)
- Bhoramdeo-Tempel – Fotos + Infos (englisch)
Einzelnachweise
Auf dieser Seite verwendete Medien
Autor/Urheber: AshwiniKalantri, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Location map of India. Equirectangular projection. Strechted by 106.0%. Geographic limits of the map: * N: 37.5° N * S: 5.0° N * W: 67.0° E * E: 99.0° E Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Kawardha district is found in the northwest part of Chhattisgarh, near Madhya Pradesh. A hilly, forested region with lakes, it is home to historic Shiva temples that reverentially include Vaishnava, Shakti tradition themes with the Shaiva themes. The earliest temples here were made from bricks, around the 7th-century. These survive in ruins, typically eroded by rains over the centuries. Later temples were made from stone, often red sandstone. Both styles are found in Bhoramdeo group of temples - four close to each other, two about a kilometer from the main Bhoramdeo temple.
The Bhoramdeo temple, like others, has a square plan. The temple illustrates the Nagara-style of Hindu temple architecture. It was built in the 11th-century. It is significantly more intricately carved outside and inside the temple. Layers of festive scenes rise from ground along its shikara (spire). These scenes depict artha, kama, dharma and moksha scenes.
The temple is famous for about 50 panels of kama maithuna scenes (mithuna, eroticism and sex celebration) where amorous couples are shown in different stages of pursuit, intimacy and sexual union. Some panels include more than two participating in the sexual act. Many positions described in the kamasutra are depicted on the panel of the Bhoramdeo temple. It is also called the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh, though it is a bit older than the Khajuraho temples.
The Bhoramdeo temple faces east like most Hindu temples. It is next to a lake. It has three sheltered and pillared entrances (east, north, south). These lead to a mandapa (hall), then an antral (passage) to the garbhagriya (sanctum). Both the mandapa and the sanctum are square. The sanctum is below the mandapa level, a feature found in some other Shaiva temples in this region. It has Shiva linga.
The temple reverentially includes different avatars of Vishnu and of Shakti (Devi). Many other Vedic deities as well as post-Vedic deities such as Ganesha are prominently exhibited in the reliefs. Examples include Uma-Maheswar, Nataraja, Narasimha, Vamana, Krishna, Surya , Bhairava, Kartikeya, Shivaganga, Chamunda, Ambika, Sapta-Matrika and Laxmi-Naryana.
A layer of relief wraps the lower end of the temple, featuring alternate elephants and lions. Above these are scenes of everyday life and people of different ages. Economic activity, festivals, sex, arts, dance, music and other themes are all celebrated in different layers and sections.
Inside the temple, reliefs and carvings show scenes of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Next to the Bhoramdeo temple are older temples, also dedicated to Shiva. One is a brick structure temple, also with intricate carvings. In the sanctum, the king and queen are seated in prayer before a Shiva linga.
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Kawardha district is found in the northwest part of Chhattisgarh, near Madhya Pradesh. A hilly, forested region with lakes, it is home to historic Shiva temples that reverentially include Vaishnava, Shakti tradition themes with the Shaiva themes. The earliest temples here were made from bricks, around the 7th-century. These survive in ruins, typically eroded by rains over the centuries. Later temples were made from stone, often red sandstone. Both styles are found in Bhoramdeo group of temples - four close to each other, two about a kilometer from the main Bhoramdeo temple.
The Bhoramdeo temple, like others, has a square plan. The temple illustrates the Nagara-style of Hindu temple architecture. It was built in the 11th-century. It is significantly more intricately carved outside and inside the temple. Layers of festive scenes rise from ground along its shikara (spire). These scenes depict artha, kama, dharma and moksha scenes.
The temple is famous for about 50 panels of kama maithuna scenes (mithuna, eroticism and sex celebration) where amorous couples are shown in different stages of pursuit, intimacy and sexual union. Some panels include more than two participating in the sexual act. Many positions described in the kamasutra are depicted on the panel of the Bhoramdeo temple. It is also called the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh, though it is a bit older than the Khajuraho temples.
The Bhoramdeo temple faces east like most Hindu temples. It is next to a lake. It has three sheltered and pillared entrances (east, north, south). These lead to a mandapa (hall), then an antral (passage) to the garbhagriya (sanctum). Both the mandapa and the sanctum are square. The sanctum is below the mandapa level, a feature found in some other Shaiva temples in this region. It has Shiva linga.
The temple reverentially includes different avatars of Vishnu and of Shakti (Devi). Many other Vedic deities as well as post-Vedic deities such as Ganesha are prominently exhibited in the reliefs. Examples include Uma-Maheswar, Nataraja, Narasimha, Vamana, Krishna, Surya , Bhairava, Kartikeya, Shivaganga, Chamunda, Ambika, Sapta-Matrika and Laxmi-Naryana.
A layer of relief wraps the lower end of the temple, featuring alternate elephants and lions. Above these are scenes of everyday life and people of different ages. Economic activity, festivals, sex, arts, dance, music and other themes are all celebrated in different layers and sections.
Inside the temple, reliefs and carvings show scenes of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Next to the Bhoramdeo temple are older temples, also dedicated to Shiva. One is a brick structure temple, also with intricate carvings. In the sanctum, the king and queen are seated in prayer before a Shiva linga.
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Madwa Mahal temple (also known as Mandawa mandir) is located about a kilometer southeast from Bharamdeo temple. Mandawa is derived from mandapa, an architectural term for Hindu and Jain temples, as well as a term where Indian wedding ceremony is celebrated.
The Madwa temple is a square plan Nagara-style temple notable for its large 16-pillar mandapa. Local legends state that the king who built this temple in 1349 completed his wedding in this mandapa.
The temple is simpler in ornaments and reliefs than the older Bhoramdeo temple nearby. These are predominantly found in concentric layer on the outside of the temple. A large percentage of the reliefs are kama-maithuna themes, quite a few with couples in various sexual positions. As with Bhoramdeo temple, about 50 illustrations celebrating sex, some from the Hindu text kamasutra, are found on this temple walls. A few have eroded over time.
The mandapa has a Nandi, whose head was chopped off in later centuries. Ruins nearby suggest other items also suffered intentional damage. The hall leads to ardhamandapa with stairs to a lower level sanctum for Shiva linga.
The temple is active. Local newly married couples visit this place for blessings.
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Madwa Mahal temple (also known as Mandawa mandir) is located about a kilometer southeast from Bharamdeo temple. Mandawa is derived from mandapa, an architectural term for Hindu and Jain temples, as well as a term where Indian wedding ceremony is celebrated.
The Madwa temple is a square plan Nagara-style temple notable for its large 16-pillar mandapa. Local legends state that the king who built this temple in 1349 completed his wedding in this mandapa.
The temple is simpler in ornaments and reliefs than the older Bhoramdeo temple nearby. These are predominantly found in concentric layer on the outside of the temple. A large percentage of the reliefs are kama-maithuna themes, quite a few with couples in various sexual positions. As with Bhoramdeo temple, about 50 illustrations celebrating sex, some from the Hindu text kamasutra, are found on this temple walls. A few have eroded over time.
The mandapa has a Nandi, whose head was chopped off in later centuries. Ruins nearby suggest other items also suffered intentional damage. The hall leads to ardhamandapa with stairs to a lower level sanctum for Shiva linga.
The temple is active. Local newly married couples visit this place for blessings.
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Kawardha district is found in the northwest part of Chhattisgarh, near Madhya Pradesh. A hilly, forested region with lakes, it is home to historic Shiva temples that reverentially include Vaishnava, Shakti tradition themes with the Shaiva themes. The earliest temples here were made from bricks, around the 7th-century. These survive in ruins, typically eroded by rains over the centuries. Later temples were made from stone, often red sandstone. Both styles are found in Bhoramdeo group of temples - four close to each other, two about a kilometer from the main Bhoramdeo temple.
The Bhoramdeo temple, like others, has a square plan. The temple illustrates the Nagara-style of Hindu temple architecture. It was built in the 11th-century. It is significantly more intricately carved outside and inside the temple. Layers of festive scenes rise from ground along its shikara (spire). These scenes depict artha, kama, dharma and moksha scenes.
The temple is famous for about 50 panels of kama maithuna scenes (mithuna, eroticism and sex celebration) where amorous couples are shown in different stages of pursuit, intimacy and sexual union. Some panels include more than two participating in the sexual act. Many positions described in the kamasutra are depicted on the panel of the Bhoramdeo temple. It is also called the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh, though it is a bit older than the Khajuraho temples.
The Bhoramdeo temple faces east like most Hindu temples. It is next to a lake. It has three sheltered and pillared entrances (east, north, south). These lead to a mandapa (hall), then an antral (passage) to the garbhagriya (sanctum). Both the mandapa and the sanctum are square. The sanctum is below the mandapa level, a feature found in some other Shaiva temples in this region. It has Shiva linga.
The temple reverentially includes different avatars of Vishnu and of Shakti (Devi). Many other Vedic deities as well as post-Vedic deities such as Ganesha are prominently exhibited in the reliefs. Examples include Uma-Maheswar, Nataraja, Narasimha, Vamana, Krishna, Surya , Bhairava, Kartikeya, Shivaganga, Chamunda, Ambika, Sapta-Matrika and Laxmi-Naryana.
A layer of relief wraps the lower end of the temple, featuring alternate elephants and lions. Above these are scenes of everyday life and people of different ages. Economic activity, festivals, sex, arts, dance, music and other themes are all celebrated in different layers and sections.
Inside the temple, reliefs and carvings show scenes of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Next to the Bhoramdeo temple are older temples, also dedicated to Shiva. One is a brick structure temple, also with intricate carvings. In the sanctum, the king and queen are seated in prayer before a Shiva linga.
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Kawardha district is found in the northwest part of Chhattisgarh, near Madhya Pradesh. A hilly, forested region with lakes, it is home to historic Shiva temples that reverentially include Vaishnava, Shakti tradition themes with the Shaiva themes. The earliest temples here were made from bricks, around the 7th-century. These survive in ruins, typically eroded by rains over the centuries. Later temples were made from stone, often red sandstone. Both styles are found in Bhoramdeo group of temples - four close to each other, two about a kilometer from the main Bhoramdeo temple.
The Bhoramdeo temple, like others, has a square plan. The temple illustrates the Nagara-style of Hindu temple architecture. It was built in the 11th-century. It is significantly more intricately carved outside and inside the temple. Layers of festive scenes rise from ground along its shikara (spire). These scenes depict artha, kama, dharma and moksha scenes.
The temple is famous for about 50 panels of kama maithuna scenes (mithuna, eroticism and sex celebration) where amorous couples are shown in different stages of pursuit, intimacy and sexual union. Some panels include more than two participating in the sexual act. Many positions described in the kamasutra are depicted on the panel of the Bhoramdeo temple. It is also called the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh, though it is a bit older than the Khajuraho temples.
The Bhoramdeo temple faces east like most Hindu temples. It is next to a lake. It has three sheltered and pillared entrances (east, north, south). These lead to a mandapa (hall), then an antral (passage) to the garbhagriya (sanctum). Both the mandapa and the sanctum are square. The sanctum is below the mandapa level, a feature found in some other Shaiva temples in this region. It has Shiva linga.
The temple reverentially includes different avatars of Vishnu and of Shakti (Devi). Many other Vedic deities as well as post-Vedic deities such as Ganesha are prominently exhibited in the reliefs. Examples include Uma-Maheswar, Nataraja, Narasimha, Vamana, Krishna, Surya , Bhairava, Kartikeya, Shivaganga, Chamunda, Ambika, Sapta-Matrika and Laxmi-Naryana.
A layer of relief wraps the lower end of the temple, featuring alternate elephants and lions. Above these are scenes of everyday life and people of different ages. Economic activity, festivals, sex, arts, dance, music and other themes are all celebrated in different layers and sections.
Inside the temple, reliefs and carvings show scenes of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Next to the Bhoramdeo temple are older temples, also dedicated to Shiva. One is a brick structure temple, also with intricate carvings. In the sanctum, the king and queen are seated in prayer before a Shiva linga.
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Kawardha district is found in the northwest part of Chhattisgarh, near Madhya Pradesh. A hilly, forested region with lakes, it is home to historic Shiva temples that reverentially include Vaishnava, Shakti tradition themes with the Shaiva themes. The earliest temples here were made from bricks, around the 7th-century. These survive in ruins, typically eroded by rains over the centuries. Later temples were made from stone, often red sandstone. Both styles are found in Bhoramdeo group of temples - four close to each other, two about a kilometer from the main Bhoramdeo temple.
The Bhoramdeo temple, like others, has a square plan. The temple illustrates the Nagara-style of Hindu temple architecture. It was built in the 11th-century. It is significantly more intricately carved outside and inside the temple. Layers of festive scenes rise from ground along its shikara (spire). These scenes depict artha, kama, dharma and moksha scenes.
The temple is famous for about 50 panels of kama maithuna scenes (mithuna, eroticism and sex celebration) where amorous couples are shown in different stages of pursuit, intimacy and sexual union. Some panels include more than two participating in the sexual act. Many positions described in the kamasutra are depicted on the panel of the Bhoramdeo temple. It is also called the Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh, though it is a bit older than the Khajuraho temples.
The Bhoramdeo temple faces east like most Hindu temples. It is next to a lake. It has three sheltered and pillared entrances (east, north, south). These lead to a mandapa (hall), then an antral (passage) to the garbhagriya (sanctum). Both the mandapa and the sanctum are square. The sanctum is below the mandapa level, a feature found in some other Shaiva temples in this region. It has Shiva linga.
The temple reverentially includes different avatars of Vishnu and of Shakti (Devi). Many other Vedic deities as well as post-Vedic deities such as Ganesha are prominently exhibited in the reliefs. Examples include Uma-Maheswar, Nataraja, Narasimha, Vamana, Krishna, Surya , Bhairava, Kartikeya, Shivaganga, Chamunda, Ambika, Sapta-Matrika and Laxmi-Naryana.
A layer of relief wraps the lower end of the temple, featuring alternate elephants and lions. Above these are scenes of everyday life and people of different ages. Economic activity, festivals, sex, arts, dance, music and other themes are all celebrated in different layers and sections.
Inside the temple, reliefs and carvings show scenes of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Next to the Bhoramdeo temple are older temples, also dedicated to Shiva. One is a brick structure temple, also with intricate carvings. In the sanctum, the king and queen are seated in prayer before a Shiva linga.Autor/Urheber: MUKUL, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Dieses Bild zeigt das ASI-Denkmal mit der Nummer
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Madwa Mahal temple (also known as Mandawa mandir) is located about a kilometer southeast from Bharamdeo temple. Mandawa is derived from mandapa, an architectural term for Hindu and Jain temples, as well as a term where Indian wedding ceremony is celebrated.
The Madwa temple is a square plan Nagara-style temple notable for its large 16-pillar mandapa. Local legends state that the king who built this temple in 1349 completed his wedding in this mandapa.
The temple is simpler in ornaments and reliefs than the older Bhoramdeo temple nearby. These are predominantly found in concentric layer on the outside of the temple. A large percentage of the reliefs are kama-maithuna themes, quite a few with couples in various sexual positions. As with Bhoramdeo temple, about 50 illustrations celebrating sex, some from the Hindu text kamasutra, are found on this temple walls. A few have eroded over time.
The mandapa has a Nandi, whose head was chopped off in later centuries. Ruins nearby suggest other items also suffered intentional damage. The hall leads to ardhamandapa with stairs to a lower level sanctum for Shiva linga.
The temple is active. Local newly married couples visit this place for blessings.
Autor/Urheber: Singhabhi969, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
 | Wikidata hat einen Eintrag Bhairam Dev temple museum (Q19632876) mit Daten in Bezug auf dieses Objekt. |
| Objektposition |   | Dieses und weitere Bilder auf OpenStreetMap |  |
|---|
Autor/Urheber: Ms Sarah Welch, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Madwa Mahal temple (also known as Mandawa mandir) is located about a kilometer southeast from Bharamdeo temple. Mandawa is derived from mandapa, an architectural term for Hindu and Jain temples, as well as a term where Indian wedding ceremony is celebrated.
The Madwa temple is a square plan Nagara-style temple notable for its large 16-pillar mandapa. Local legends state that the king who built this temple in 1349 completed his wedding in this mandapa.
The temple is simpler in ornaments and reliefs than the older Bhoramdeo temple nearby. These are predominantly found in concentric layer on the outside of the temple. A large percentage of the reliefs are kama-maithuna themes, quite a few with couples in various sexual positions. As with Bhoramdeo temple, about 50 illustrations celebrating sex, some from the Hindu text kamasutra, are found on this temple walls. A few have eroded over time.
The mandapa has a Nandi, whose head was chopped off in later centuries. Ruins nearby suggest other items also suffered intentional damage. The hall leads to ardhamandapa with stairs to a lower level sanctum for Shiva linga.
The temple is active. Local newly married couples visit this place for blessings.